An Interplay of Astronomy, Rituals, and Beliefs: PitruPaksha

Pitrupaksha, also known as Shraddha Paksha, is a significant 16-lunar day period in the Hindu calendar dedicated to paying homage to one’s ancestors (Pitris). The term “Pitrupaksha” translates from Sanskrit to “fortnight of the paternal ancestors.” This period typically falls in the Bhadrapada month of the Hindu lunar calendar, which usually corresponds to September or October in the Gregorian calendar. In 2024, for example, Pitrupaksha was observed from September 17th to October 2nd.

The core significance of Pitrupaksha lies in the belief that the souls of one’s deceased ancestors, particularly the three preceding generations, descend to Earth during this time. It is considered a crucial period for descendants to express their gratitude, remember their forebears, and perform rituals to ensure their ancestors’ peace and smooth transition in the afterlife. Hindus believe that performing these rites, known as Shraddha or Tarpan, can help alleviate any “Pitru Dosha” (ancestral debt or afflictions) which might be causing obstacles in the lives of the living. Satisfied ancestors are believed to bestow blessings of health, wealth, knowledge, longevity, and even salvation (moksha) upon their descendants.

During Pitrupaksha, several rituals and practices are observed with devotion and purity. The eldest son typically performs these rites. Key rituals include:

• Tarpan: This involves offering water mixed with black sesame seeds, barley, and kusha grass to the ancestors while chanting specific mantras. This is done to quench the thirst of the departed souls.
• Pinda Daan: This is the offering of Pindas (cooked rice balls mixed with sesame seeds, barley flour, ghee, and honey) to the ancestors, symbolizing nourishment for their souls.
• Shraddha Ceremony: This is a comprehensive ritual performed on the specific lunar day (tithi) corresponding to the ancestor’s death. It involves inviting Brahmins (priests), offering them specially prepared Sattvik (pure vegetarian) food, clothes, and dakshina (offerings of money). The food offered to Brahmins is believed to reach the ancestors.
• Feeding Animals: It is also customary to feed animals like cows, dogs, and crows during this period, as crows are often considered messengers of the ancestors.
• Charity (Daan): Donating food, clothes, and other essentials to the needy in the name of ancestors is considered highly meritorious.

Culturally, Pitrupaksha is a time for introspection, family bonding, and reinforcing lineage ties. Families come together to remember their ancestors, share stories, and honor their memories. Many Hindus avoid auspicious activities like weddings or starting new ventures during this period, focusing instead on spiritual practices and acts of remembrance.